Active and Passive Voice

A. Theory of Active Voice and Passive Voice
Active voice is the sentence that accompanied the transitive verb with the subject in front of verbs such as actors who perform an act. Passive voice is a form of the verb phrase that accompanied the three (Past Participle) describe the thing done (by the perpetrator)

B. Example : Active voice sentences are as follows :
1. We eat rice every day
2. You drink milk every day
3. They lock the gate every night
4. The Teacher is explaining the lesson
5. The Students are writing a story

Example Passive voice sentences are as follows:
1. Rice is eaten every day
2. Milk is drunk every day
3. The gate is locked every night by them
4. The lesson is being explained by the teacher
5. A story is being written by the students

Active sentences into passive sentences :
Subjects in active sentence has been at the front of the verb, and object there behind the verb. Note the changes in passive sentences below. Objects can be located in front of the verb. Past Participle (Verb to 3) is always used in active sentences.

Example :
1.(Active) : We need water
(Passive) : Water is needed
2.(Active) : They admire Madona
(Passive) : Madona is admired
3.(Active) : We educate our children
(Passive) : Our children are educated
4.(Active) : They built this house last year
(Passive) : This house was built last year
5.(Active) : They will forget this case
(Passive) : This case will be forgotten

A. Active and Passive sentences in Simple Present
- Active sentences in Present tense menggunakan Kata kerja 1
- Passive sentences in present tense menggunakan am/is/are + kata kerja 3
Example :
a.(Active) : I turn the light off at bed time
(Passive) : The light is turned off at bed time
b.(Active) : We import a lot of cars from japan
(Passive) : A lot of cars are imported from japan
c.(Active) : Recless drivers cause many accidents
(Passive) : Many accidents are caused by recless drivers
d. (Active) : Road accidents injure many people every day
(Passive) : Many people are injured in road accidents every day
e.(Active) : We export oil to other countries
(Passive) : Oil is exported to other countries

B. Active and Passive sentences Past Tense
- Kalimat aktif dalam Past tense menggunakan Kata kerja ke-2
- Kalimat pasif dalam Past tense menggunakan was/ware + kata kerja ke-3

Example :
a.(Active) : They signed the agreement
(Passive) : The agreement was signed by them
b.(Active) : Lightning struck the tree last week
(Passive) : The tree was struck by lightning last week
c.(Active) : The bad news shocked me yesterday
(Passive) : I was shocked by the bad news yesterday
d.(Active) : Steven took my picture
(Passive) : My picture were taken by steven

e.(Active) : I told him to come back the next day
(Passive) : He was told to come back the next day

C.Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif dalam bentuk Present Continuous
- Kalimat Aktif dalam present Continuous Kata kerja ke-1 + ING
- Kalimat Pasif dalam present Continuous am/is/are + being + kata kerja ke-3

Example :
a.(Active) : They are looking at you
(Passive) : You are being locked at by them
b.(Active) : The men are cutting down the trees
(Passive) : The trees are being cut down
c.(Active) : The police officer is questioning the bad boys
(Passive) : The bad boys are being questioned by the police officer
d.(Active) : The committee is considering your proposal
(Passive) : Your proposal is being considered by the committee
e.(Active) : They are decorating my room
(Passive) : My room is being decorated

D. Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif dalam Past Continuous
- Kalimat Aktif dalam past continuous menggunakan Was/Were + Kata kerja ke-1 + Ing
- Kalimat Pasif dalam past continuous menggunakan Was/Were + Being + Kata kerja ke-3

Example:
a.(Active) : He was teaching me at ten o’clock yesterday
(Passive) : I was being taught at ten o’clock yesterday
b.(Active) : They were beating up the thief until the police arrived
(Passive) : The thief was being beaten up until the police arrived
c.(Active) : The doctor was examining you when we talked with a nurse
(Passive) : You were being examined when we talked with a nurse
d.(Active) : They were following us when we walked to the park
(Passive) : We were being followed when we walked to the park
e.(Active) : He was advising the children when you went out
(Passive) : The children were being advised when you went out



E.Kalimat Akif dan Pasif dalam Present Perfect
- Kalimat aktif dalam present perfect menggunakan Have/Has + Kata kerja ke-3
- Kalimat Pasif dalam present perfect menggunakan Have/Has + been + kata kerja ke-3

Example:
a.(Active) : A mosquito has bitten me
(Passive) : I have been bitten by a mosquito
b.(Active) : We have warned him about that
(Passive) : He has been warned about that
c.(Active) : They have signed the agreement
(Passive) : The agreement has been signed
d.(Active) : We have delivered the catalog
(Passive) : The catalog has been delivered
e.(Active) : Has the government changed the regulation yet?
(Passive) : Has the regulation been changed yet?

F. Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif dalam bentuk Past Perfect
- Kalimat Aktif dalam past perfect menggunakan had + kata kerja ke-3
- Kalimat pasif dalam past perfect menggunakan had been + kata kerja ke-3

Example:
a.(Active) : Johnson had bought my horse when you met us
(Passive) : My horse had been bought by Johnson when you met us
b.(Active) : Paul told me that somebody had hit him
(Passive) : Paul told me that he had been hit by someone
c.(Active) : Somebody had hurt the woman when she reported to the police
(Passive) : The woman had been hurt when she reported to the police
d.(Active) : The kitchen looked better yesterday. Somebody had cleaned it
(Passive) : The kitchen looked better yesterday. It had been cleaned
e.(Active) : A tree was lying across the road. The storm had blown it down
(Passive) : A tree was lying across the road. It had been blown down in the storm

G.Kalimat Aktif dan pasif dalam bentuk Simple Future
- Kalimat Aktif menggunakan Future tense menggunakan Shall/Will + kata kerja ke-1
- Kalimat Pasif menggunakan Future tense menggunakan Shall/Will + be + kata kerja ke-3

Example :
a.(Active) : We shall serve dinner to the guests in ten minutes
(Passive) : Dinner will be served to the guests in ten minutes
b.(Active) : We will send you your examination results as soon as they are ready
(Passive) : You will be sent your examination results as soon as they are ready
c.(Active) : They will advise me about the price of the books
(Passive) : I shall be advised about the price of the books
d.(Active) : We shall make a decision at the next meeting
(Passive) : A decision will be made at the next meeting
e.(Active) : Our company will employ twenty new men next month
(Passive) : Twenty new man will be employed by our company next month

H. Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif dalam Future Perfect
- Kalimat aktif dalam Future Perfect menggunakan shall/will + have + kata kerja ke-3
- Kalimat pasif dalam Future Perfect menggunakan shall/will + have + been + kata kerja ke-3

Example:
a.(Active) : At ten o’clock we shall have checked the machines
(Passive) : At ten o’clock the machines will have been checked
b.(Active) : We shall have finished this programmer in a few days
(Passive) : This programmer will have been finished in a few days
c.(Active) : By the end of the day you will have done the exercise
(Passive) : The exercise will have been done by the end of the day
d.(Active) : Tomorrow Paul will have fed the rabbits by six o’clock
(Passive) : Tomorrow the rabbits will have been fed by six o’clock
e.(Active) : I shall have woken Susan by midnight
(Passive) : Susan will have been woken up by midnight



I. Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif dalam Must
- Kalimat aktif menggunakan ”Must” : Must + kata kerja ke-1
- Kalimat pasif menggunakan ”Must” : Must + be + kata kerja ke-3

Example:
a.(Active) : I must carry out this plan
(Passive) : This plan must be carried out
b.(Active) : You must not leave the baby alone
(Passive) : The baby must not be left alone
c.(Active) : You must obey the law
(Passive) : The law must be obeyed
d.(Active) : We must protect wild animals
(Passive) : Wild animals must be protected
e.(Active) : We must punish criminals
(Passive) : Criminals must be punished

J.Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif dalam CAN
- Kalimat aktif menggunakan CAN : CAN + kata kerja ke-1
- Kalimat pasif menggunakan CAN : CAN + be + kata kerja ke-3

Example:
a.(Active): You can practice English every day
(Passive): English can be practiced every day
b.(Active) : We can’t cheat them
(Passive) : They can’t be cheated
c.(Active) : Children can see this film
(Passive) : This film can be seen by Children
d.(Active) : You can borrow my motorbike
(Passive) : My motorbike can be borrowed
e.(Active) : They can arrange a meeting
(Passive) : A meeting can be arranged
Transitive and intransitive verb
What is the difference between the two verbs in the above sentences? At first thought, you may say the definition but forget about the meaning. Instead, concentrate on the grammar. How do the verbs differ grammatically?
Notice that the first sentence has two words following the verb hit. The second sentence doesn’t have words after the verb sang. These two facts lead us to a discussion on transitive and intransitive verbs.
What are transitive verbs?
Transitive verbs are action verbs that have an object to receive that action. In the first sentence above, the direct object ball received the action of the verb hit.
Here are some more examples of transitive verbs:
I baked some cookies.
I rode the bicycle.
I moved the chair.
I stitched a quilt.
All of the verbs in the above sentences are transitive because an object is receiving the action of the verb. But what about the sentence “The bird sang.” Is the verb in that sentence a transitive verb? No, in this case the verb sang is an intransitive verb.
What are intransitive verbs?
Intransitive verbs are action verbs but unlike transitive verbs, they do not have an object receiving the action. Notice there are no words after the verb sang.
More examples of intransitive verbs:
I laughed.
I cried.
The book fell.
The horse galloped.
The sun set.
In all of the above cases the subject is performing the action of the verb and nothing is receiving the action.
What about this sentence?
I walked to the park today.
Is walked transitive or intransitive? Think about the rules. Since walked has words coming after it, the verb must be transitive, right? WRONG! The phrase to the park is a prepositional phrase and today is an adverb. There is no object receiving the action of the verb walked so the verb is intransitive. To recap, a transitive verb must be an action verb plus there must be an object to receive that action.


SOAL TOEFL PASSIVE VOICE

1. _____ were first viewed through telescope by Galileo.

A. Jupiter has four moons
B. Jupiter’s four moons
C. Jupiter surrounded by four moons
D. Surrounded by four moons, Jupiter

Jawaban : B

Keyword : were first viewed

Pembahasan : Pada kalimat sudah ada kata kerja (verb) jadi kalimat ini hanya membutuhkan subjek. Selain itu kata kerja yang ada (were) adalah kata kerja untuk subjek jamak. Jadi pilihan yang tepat adalah Jupiter’s four moons.

2. In November of 1863, the city of Atlanta _____ during Sherman’s famous “March to the Sea”.

A. Was completely burned
B. Completely was burned
C. It was burned completely
D. Completely burned it

Jawaban : A

Keyword : the city of Atlanta

Pembahasan : Karena pada soal sudah ada subjek dan kalimat tersebut bermakna pasif, maka jawaban yang paling sesuai adalah was completely burned.

3. The Supreme Court does not hear a case unless _____, except those involving foreign ambassadors.

A. A trial
B. Already tried
C. It already trying
D. It has already been tried

Jawaban : D

Keyword : unless

Pembahasan : Kata unless harus diikuti klausa. Selain itu dari pola kalimatnya diketahui bahwa kalimat ini merupakan kalimat pasif. Karena itu jawaban yang dibutuhkan adalah it has already been tried.

4. _____ occasions for congratulations.

A. Birthdays that usually considered
B. Usually considering birthdays
C. Birthdays are usually considered
D. That considered birthdays usually

Jawaban : C

Keyword : occasions

Pembahasan : Kalimat ini merupakan kalimat pasif yang belum ada subjek dan predikatnya. Maka jawaban yang paling sesuai adalah birthdays are usually considered.

5. Electron storage rings _____ in investigations of the structure of materials.

A. They are used
B. That are used
C. Used
D. Are used

Jawaban : D

Keyword : rings

Pembahasan : Kalimat ini sudah ada subjek yang berbentuk jamak (electron storage rings), karena itu yang dibutuhkan adalah predikat untuk subjek jamak (are used).

Source:

* http://riskisurakhman.blogspot.co.id/2011/03/theory-and-example-active-and-passive.html

* http://www.k12reader.com/term/transitive-and-intransitive-verbs/

Conditional Sentences

Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many conditional forms in English are used in sentences that include verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal past" because we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to something that happened in the past. There are three types of Conditional Sentences.

There are a number of structures in English that are called the conditionals which are used to talk about possible or imaginary situations. A "Condition" is a "situation or circumstance".

For example: If a certain condition is true, then a particular result happens.

There are four basic conditionals that we use in English.

1. Zero Conditional

2. First Conditional

3. Second Conditional

4. Third Conditional

There are some more conditionals formed by mixing some of these four. To learn more about these, see our glossary entry: English Conditionals.

Structure of Conditional Sentences

The structure of the conditionals is straightforward. There are two basic possibilities in terms of order in the sentence:

IF	Condition	Result
If	It rains	We will get wet

or like this:

Result	IF	Condition
We will get wet	If	It rains

Notice that we only use a comma in the first example.

Conditionals: Time and Probability Table

Probability	Conditional	Example	Time
Certain	Zero conditional	If you heat water to 100 degress celsius, it boils	Anytime
Likely	First conditional	If it rains, I will stay in	Future
Unlikely	Second conditional	If i won the lottery, I would retire	Future
Imposible	Second conditional	If  i had the money, I would lend it	Present
Imposible	Third conditional	If i had seen him, I would given him the massage	Past

First Conditional: A real possibility in the future

A First Conditional sentence is one connecting two future actions, where one must take place before the second is possible. Take a student who wants to go to university but hasn't got the results of their exams yet. They cannot go to university until they have received their results. In the case of a good student who is expected to get good grades, then there is a good possibility of achieving the marks required to get to university, so the following sentence could be used:

IF	Conditional	Result
	Present simple	WILL + base verb
If	She gets good grades	She will go to university

We are talking about the future, but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result. In this case, the person is sure about going to university. We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence:

IF	Conditional	Result	Possibility
If	She gets good grades	She will go to university	If the condition is met, the shedefinitely will go
If	He gets good grades	He may go to university	He is not sure about going to university
If	She gets good grades	She should go to university	The speaker is expressing his or her opinion, giving advice
If	He gets good grades	He can go to university	This means that it is possible
If	She gets good grades	She could go to university	That means that it is possible, but not that likely
If	He gets good grades	He might go to university	This means that it is possible, but not that likely

We can also use different present forms in the condition part of the sentence:

IF	Conditional	Reason for tense	Result
	Present simle	An action in the future
If	I see her		I’ll ask her about it
	Present progressive	An unfinished present action
If	They are still working		I’ll go home
	Present Progressive	A future arrangement
If	They are going		I’ll stay at home
	Present perfect	A finished action related to now
If	You have finished your meal		I’ll clear away the plates
	WILL + base verb	Making an agreement	WILL + base verb
If	You will work late today		I will let you have Friday off
	WILL + base verb	Expressing displeasure because someone insists on doing something	WILL + base verb
If	You will drive too fast		The police will stop you

Second Conditional: Imaginary Present or Unlikely Future

The Second Conditional can be used used to talk about imaginary present situations, where we are imagining something different from what is really the case. We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen, as the condition is unlikely to be met. We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result.

IF	Condition	Time	Result	Possibility
	Past simple	Present	WOULD + base verb	Impossible
If	I had the time		I would learn Italian	I don’t have the time, so I’m not going to learn Italian
	Past simple	Future	WOULD + base verb	Unlikely
If	I won the lottery		I would travel around the world	There’s a very small chance of winning the lottery, so the trip is unlikely

We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part of the sentence:

IF	Condition	Result	Certainty
	Past simple	WOULD + base verb
If	I had the time	I would learnItalian	Although unlikely to happen, the speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If	I had more time	I might learnSpanish	Although unlikely to happen, it is only apossibility anyway
If	I had more time	I should learnsome more	Although unlikely to happen, the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea, but is not committed to it
If	I had more time	I could learn Hindi	Although unlikely to happen, it is only apossibility anyway

With the verb to be, there are two forms that can be used with I, he, she & it:

IF	Condition	Result
I, he, she, it	Were
If	I were you	I’d merry her
I, he, she, it	Was
If	I was you	I’d merry her

Third Conditional: Imaginary Past

The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past and imagining something different from what actually happened:

Condition	Result	What actually Happened
	Past Perfect	WOULD HAVE + Past Participle
If	I had Known	I would have helped	I didn’t know and didn’t help

IF	Condition	Result	Certainty
	Past perfect	WOULD HAVE + past perticiple
If	I had known	I would have helped	Although this didn’t happen , the speaker is sure abaout the result
If	I had known	I could have helped	Although this didn’t happen , the result is only a possibility
If	I had known	I might have helped	Although this didn’t happen , the result is only a possibility
If	You had known	you should have helped	Although this didn’t happen, it is only a good suggestion or piece ofadvice

Zero Conditional: Certainty

The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met.

IF	Condition	Result	Situation
	Present simple	Present simple
If	You heat water to 100 degress celsius	It boils	Fact- universal
	Present simple	Present simple
If	I drink coffe	I get a headache	Fact- personal

In these examples, the result will always occur if the condition is met, so the time is not important.

Questions:

1. If the students _____ late to submit the scholarship application to the board, they will not be listed as candidates.

A. be

B. are

C. were

D. have

2. If we don’t hurry, the meeting ______ by the time we get there.

A. would have started

B. will have started

C. will be started

D. will start

3. If your brother ______ here, he ______ us with this works.

A. is - would help

B. was - will help

C. were - will help

D. were - would help

4. You _____ the job if you were not late to the interview.

A. would get

B. would be gotten

C. would have gotten

D. would have been gotten

5. Fortunately you assisted to push the car. If you hadn’t helped him, he ______ with you.

A. will get angry

B. would have gotten angry

C. should angry

D. would get angry

Sources:
1. http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/conditional/

2. https://www.usingenglish.com/articles/english-conditionals-an-introduction.html
3. https://www.usingenglish.com/articles/english-conditionals-first-conditional.html
4. https://www.usingenglish.com/articles/english-conditionals-second-conditional.html
5. https://www.usingenglish.com/articles/english-conditionals-third-conditional.html
6. https://www.usingenglish.com/articles/english-conditionals-zero-conditional.html
7. http://www.geniuslang.com/2016/05/soal-toefl-conditional-sentence.html