Senin, 13 Maret 2017

Conditional Sentences

Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many conditional forms in English are used in sentences that include verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal past" because we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to something that happened in the past. There are three types of Conditional Sentences.


There are a number of structures in English that are called the conditionals which are used to talk about possible or imaginary situations. A "Condition" is a "situation or circumstance".
For example: If a certain condition is true, then a particular result happens.
There are four basic conditionals that we use in English.
1. Zero Conditional
2. First Conditional
3. Second Conditional
4. Third Conditional

There are some more conditionals formed by mixing some of these four. To learn more about these, see our glossary entry: English Conditionals.

Structure of Conditional Sentences

The structure of the conditionals is straightforward. There are two basic possibilities in terms of order in the sentence:
IF
Condition
Result
If
It rains
We will get wet

or like this:
Result
IF
Condition
We will get wet
If
It rains

Notice that we only use a comma in the first example.

Conditionals: Time and Probability Table

Probability
Conditional
Example
Time
Certain
Zero conditional
If you heat water to 100 degress celsius, it boils
Anytime
Likely
First conditional
If it rains, I will stay in
Future
Unlikely
Second conditional
If i won the lottery, I would retire
Future
Imposible
Second conditional
If  i had the money, I would lend it
Present
Imposible
Third conditional
If i had seen him, I would given him the massage
Past


First Conditional: A real possibility in the future

A First Conditional sentence is one connecting two future actions, where one must take place before the second is possible. Take a student who wants to go to university but hasn't got the results of their exams yet. They cannot go to university until they have received their results. In the case of a good student who is expected to get good grades, then there is a good possibility of achieving the marks required to get to university, so the following sentence could be used:
IF
Conditional
Result

Present simple
WILL + base verb
If
She gets good grades
She will go to university

We are talking about the future, but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result. In this case, the person is sure about going to university. We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence:
IF
Conditional
Result
Possibility
If
She gets good grades
She will go to university
If the condition is met, the shedefinitely will go
If
He gets good grades
He may go to university
He is not sure about going to university
If
She gets good grades
She should go to university
The speaker is expressing his or her opinion, giving advice
If
He gets good grades
He can go to university
This means that it is possible
If
She gets good grades
She could go to university
That means that it is possible, but not that likely
If
He gets good grades
He might go to university
This means that it is possible, but not that likely

We can also use different present forms in the condition part of the sentence:
IF
Conditional
Reason for tense
Result

Present simle
An action in the future

If
I see her

I’ll ask her about it

Present progressive
An unfinished present action

If
They are still working

I’ll go home

Present Progressive
A future arrangement

If
They are going

I’ll stay at home

Present perfect
A finished action related to now

If
You have finished your meal

I’ll clear away the plates

WILL + base verb
Making an agreement
WILL + base verb
If
You will work late today

I will let you have Friday off

WILL + base verb
Expressing displeasure because someone insists on doing something
WILL + base verb
If
You will drive too fast

The police will stop you


Second Conditional: Imaginary Present or Unlikely Future

The Second Conditional can be used used to talk about imaginary present situations, where we are imagining something different from what is really the case. We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen, as the condition is unlikely to be met. We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result.
IF
Condition
Time
Result
Possibility

Past simple
Present
WOULD + base verb
Impossible
If
had the time

would learn Italian
I don’t have the time, so I’m not going to learn Italian

Past simple
Future
WOULD + base verb
Unlikely
If
won the lottery

would travel around the world
There’s a very small chance of winning the lottery, so the trip is unlikely

We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part of the sentence:
IF
Condition
Result
Certainty

Past simple
WOULD + base verb

If
had the time
would learnItalian
Although unlikely to happen, the speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If
had more time
might learnSpanish
Although unlikely to happen, it is only apossibility anyway
If
had more time
should learnsome more
Although unlikely to happen, the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea, but is not committed to it
If
I had more time
I could learn Hindi
Although unlikely to happen, it is only apossibility anyway

With the verb to be, there are two forms that can be used with I, he, she & it:
IF
Condition
Result
I, he, she, it
Were

If
I were you
I’d merry her
I, he, she, it
Was

If
I was you
I’d merry her


Third Conditional: Imaginary Past

The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past and imagining something different from what actually happened:
Condition
Result
What actually Happened


Past Perfect
WOULD HAVE + Past Participle

If
I had Known
I would have helped
I didn’t know and didn’t help

IF
Condition
Result
Certainty

Past perfect
WOULD HAVE + past perticiple

If
had known
would have helped
Although this didn’t happen , the speaker is sure abaout the result
If
had known
could have helped
Although this didn’t happen , the result is only a possibility
If
had known
might have helped
Although this didn’t happen , the result is only a possibility
If
You had known
you should have helped
Although this didn’t happen, it is only a good suggestion or piece ofadvice


Zero Conditional: Certainty

The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met.
IF
Condition
Result
Situation

Present simple
Present simple

If
You heat water to 100 degress celsius
It boils
Fact- universal

Present simple
Present simple

If
drink coffe
get a headache
Fact- personal
In these examples, the result will always occur if the condition is met, so the time is not important.


Questions:

1. If the students _____ late to submit the scholarship application to the board, they will not be listed as candidates.
A. be
B. are
C. were
D. have

2. If we don’t hurry, the meeting ______ by the time we get there.
A. would have started
B. will have started
C. will be started
D. will start

3. If your brother ______ here, he ______ us with this works.
A. is - would help
B. was - will help
C. were - will help
D. were - would help

4. You _____ the job if you were not late to the interview.
A. would get
B. would be gotten
C. would have gotten
D. would have been gotten

5. Fortunately you assisted to push the car. If you hadn’t helped him, he ______ with you.
A. will get angry
B. would have gotten angry
C. should angry
D. would get angry


Sources:
1. http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/conditional/
2. https://www.usingenglish.com/articles/english-conditionals-an-introduction.html
3. https://www.usingenglish.com/articles/english-conditionals-first-conditional.html
4. https://www.usingenglish.com/articles/english-conditionals-second-conditional.html
5. https://www.usingenglish.com/articles/english-conditionals-third-conditional.html
6. https://www.usingenglish.com/articles/english-conditionals-zero-conditional.html
7. http://www.geniuslang.com/2016/05/soal-toefl-conditional-sentence.html

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